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Property Glossary

Plain English definitions of 50+ UK property terms — everything from APR and bridging loans to yield and zero-carbon homes. Whether you're a first-time buyer, seller, or investor, this glossary has you covered.

A

AIP (Agreement in Principle): A preliminary indication from a lender of how much they would be willing to lend you. Not a guarantee but useful when making offers.
APR (Annual Percentage Rate): The total cost of borrowing including fees, expressed as a yearly percentage. Lenders must quote APR so you can compare mortgage deals fairly.
Asking Price: The price a seller initially lists a property for. Often different from the final sale price. Check recent sold prices in the area using our sold prices tool.

B

Base Rate: The interest rate set by the Bank of England, which influences mortgage rates. When the base rate rises, variable and tracker mortgage rates typically follow.
Bridging Loan: A short-term loan used to bridge the gap between buying a new property and selling an existing one. Typically higher interest than a standard mortgage.
Buildings Insurance: Insurance covering the structure of your property against damage. Required by all mortgage lenders before completion.
Buy-to-Let (BTL): Purchasing a property specifically to rent out to tenants. BTL mortgages have different criteria and usually require a larger deposit (typically 25%). Calculate potential returns with our rental yield calculator.

C

Chain: A sequence of linked property transactions where each sale depends on the next. Chains can cause delays if one transaction falls through.
Completion: The final stage of a property purchase when ownership legally transfers and you receive the keys. Typically 1–2 weeks after exchange of contracts.
Conveyancing: The legal process of transferring property ownership from seller to buyer. Usually handled by a solicitor or licensed conveyancer.
Council Tax: A local tax charged by your council based on the value band of your property. Bands range from A (cheapest) to H (most expensive).
Covenant: A legal obligation attached to a property that restricts what the owner can do, such as not running a business from the premises.

D

Deposit: The upfront cash payment you make when buying a property. Typically 5–20% of the purchase price. A larger deposit usually secures a better mortgage rate.
Disbursements: Additional costs paid through your solicitor during conveyancing, including search fees, Land Registry fees, and stamp duty.

E

EPC (Energy Performance Certificate): A rating from A to G showing how energy efficient a property is. Affects running costs and may affect mortgage eligibility. Check any property with our free EPC checker.
Equity: The difference between your property value and outstanding mortgage balance. Positive equity means the property is worth more than you owe.
Exchange of Contracts: The point at which the property sale becomes legally binding. Both parties sign contracts and the buyer pays a deposit (usually 10%). Pulling out after exchange incurs penalties.

F

First-Time Buyer: Someone who has never owned property before. First-time buyers qualify for stamp duty relief and some government schemes. Check your stamp duty with our calculator.
Fixed Rate Mortgage: A mortgage where the interest rate stays the same for a set period (typically 2–5 years), giving predictable monthly payments.
Flood Risk: The likelihood of a property being affected by flooding from rivers, the sea, or surface water. Check flood risk for free using our flood risk checker.
Freehold: Outright ownership of both the property and the land it sits on. The most complete form of property ownership in England and Wales.

G

Gazumping: When a seller accepts a higher offer from another buyer after already accepting yours. Legal in England and Wales (but not Scotland) until exchange of contracts.
Gazundering: When a buyer lowers their offer just before exchange, putting pressure on the seller to accept or risk the sale collapsing.
Ground Rent: An annual charge paid by leaseholders to the freeholder. Can range from a token amount (peppercorn) to several hundred pounds per year.
Gross Yield: The annual rental income as a percentage of the property purchase price, before deducting costs. Calculate it with our rental yield calculator.

H

Help to Buy: A former government scheme that provided equity loans to help first-time buyers purchase new-build homes. The scheme closed to new applicants in 2023.
HMO (House in Multiple Occupation): A property rented by 3 or more people from different households. HMOs require a licence and must meet additional safety standards.

I

Interest-Only Mortgage: A mortgage where monthly payments cover only the interest, not the capital. The full loan amount must be repaid at the end of the term.

J

Joint Tenancy: A form of co-ownership where all owners have equal shares. If one owner dies, their share automatically passes to the surviving owner(s).

K

KFI (Key Facts Illustration): A standardised document that mortgage lenders must provide showing the full costs and terms of a mortgage offer.

L

Land Registry: The government body that records property ownership in England and Wales. All property sales are registered here. View Land Registry sold prices with our tool.
Leasehold: Ownership of a property for a fixed period (the lease term) without owning the land. Common for flats. Read our guide on leasehold vs freehold.
LTV (Loan-to-Value): The mortgage amount as a percentage of the property value. An 80% LTV means you have a 20% deposit. Lower LTV usually means better rates. Use our mortgage calculator to see your LTV.

M

MEES (Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards): Legal minimum EPC rating required for rental properties. Currently E for England and Wales.
Mortgage Offer: A formal offer from a lender confirming they will lend you a specific amount. Usually valid for 3–6 months.

N

Negative Equity: When your property is worth less than your outstanding mortgage balance. This can make it difficult to sell or remortgage.
Net Yield: Annual rental income minus costs (maintenance, insurance, management fees, void periods) as a percentage of the property price. Calculate it with our rental yield calculator.

O

Offset Mortgage: A mortgage linked to your savings account. Your savings balance reduces the mortgage amount you pay interest on.
Overpayment: Paying more than your required monthly mortgage payment to reduce the balance faster. Most lenders allow 10% overpayment per year without penalty.

P

Planning Permission: Approval from the local council to carry out building work or change the use of land or buildings.
PPD (Price Paid Data): The public dataset published by the Land Registry showing the price paid for every property sold in England and Wales since 1995. Search it with our sold prices tool.

R

Remortgage: Switching your existing mortgage to a new deal, either with the same lender or a different one. Often done when a fixed-rate period ends.
RICS Survey: A property survey carried out by a member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. More detailed than a mortgage valuation.

S

SDLT (Stamp Duty Land Tax): A tax paid when purchasing property in England and Northern Ireland above certain thresholds. Rates vary for first-time buyers, home movers, and additional properties. Calculate yours with our stamp duty calculator.
Search Fees: Costs for local authority, environmental, and drainage searches carried out during conveyancing to reveal potential issues with a property.
Service Charge: Annual fees paid by leaseholders for maintenance of communal areas, building insurance, and management of the building.
Shared Ownership: A government-backed scheme where you buy a share (25–75%) of a property and pay rent on the remainder.
Solicitor: A qualified legal professional who handles the conveyancing process when buying or selling a property.
Survey: A professional inspection of a property to assess its condition and identify defects. Different levels available: Condition Report, HomeBuyer Report, and Building Survey.

T

Tenure: Whether a property is freehold, leasehold, or commonhold. This affects your rights and ongoing costs.
Title Deeds: Legal documents proving ownership of a property. Now mostly held electronically by the Land Registry.
Tracker Mortgage: A mortgage with an interest rate that moves in line with the Bank of England base rate, plus a set margin.

U

Underwriter: The person at a mortgage lender who assesses your application and decides whether to approve the loan based on your financial circumstances.

V

Valuation: An assessment of what a property is worth. Lenders require a valuation before approving a mortgage. Our reports include AI-generated valuation estimates.
Variable Rate Mortgage: A mortgage where the interest rate can go up or down at the lender's discretion.

Y

Yield: The return on a property investment, expressed as a percentage of the property value. Can be gross (before costs) or net (after costs). Calculate rental yield with our free tool.

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